Create Beam Sections

Create Standard Sections

Standard sections are predefined shapes with dimensions like Channel, Hat, I, or L sections. Most of them are directly available in the solver. Section properties are evaluated using a closed form solution.

Set the config to Standard.
Change the section type to the desired shape.
Define the beam section parameters.
Listed dimensions are based on the selected shape.
Hover your mouse over an option to view a diagram.

Figure 2.

Create Generic Sections

Generic sections define sections without defining actual cross-section geometry.

Set the config to Generic.
Enter desired geometric properties such as Area or Iyy/Izz.
For warping properties, provide:
- Shear center location Ys/Zs
- Torsional constant J
- Warping constant
The Y axis (resp Z) values define values in the beam elemental system. The origin of the local system can be defined anywhere; in this case, properly enter the coordinates of the section’s Centroid Yc/Zc.

The values mapped to the property are the components of the Centroid from Shear center, independent of the local origin used in the beamsection.

Figure 3.

Create Shell Sections

Shell beamsections use thinwall theory and represent a section as a collection of parts.

Each part is a list of vertices (to form straight segments) with constant thickness assigned.

Create and Edit Default Sections (Legacy)

Create a new beam section from the browser.
Set the config to Shell.
This creates a default shell section as a square 10x10 with a wall thickness of 1.0.
Right-click the beam section in the browser and select Edit in HyperBeam.
HyperBeam is a legacy client which will be soon be phased out. It allows you to edit shell beam sections. For more info, see Sketch Beam Sections with HyperBeam.
Add/delete or edit vertices and parts using the HyperBeam toolbars.
Right-click a beam section in the HyperBeam browser and select Edit.
- Review the list of parts
- Edit parts (delete)
- Change part thickness
Figure 4. Default Shell section

Assign Sketch Entities

Select a shell beam section in the browser, or create new one and set the config to Shell.
Optional: Edit default thickness in File > Preferences > Meshing > Advanced.
Automatic sets the default thickness as 1/10th of Default size (global mesh size).
Manual lets you set your own default thickness.
In the Entity Editor, select an existing sketch entity.
Optional: Use the Tabular Data to change each part's name and/or thickness (size).
Optional: Choose a center option.

Base point

Uses the sketch origin as the beam section local origin.

Centroid

Uses calculated Centroid as beam section local origin.

Shear Center

Uses calculated Shear center as beam section local origin.

If Shear Center is undefined (disconnected parts), it defaults to frame center.

Frame Center

Place the beam section local origin at the sketch’s bounding box center.

Any type of (non-empty) sketch entity is valid to be assigned to the Shell config. A shell beam section is hence populated from the internal realization:

Lines are extracted from the assigned sketch (independent of any current geometric realization)
Lines are split in several parts if there are either T-junctions or disconnected parts.
Parts are defined as a collection of sketch line IDs (Definition in tabular data).
- They have Type = Shell.

You can still review the realized beam section in HyperBeam. Sections can be reviewed but not edited.

To further edit beam sections in legacy tools, reset the sketch entity assigned to the beam section. This keeps the realized data but removes the dependency to the sketch.

Update Beam Sections with Sketches

A sketch entity assigned to a section along with tabular data (part names/thickness) is the main source that regenerates beam section realization upon change.

The beam section entity listens to sketch updates either from direct sketch edit or parameter changes if the sketch is parametrized.

To update beam section shape:
- Right-click on a beam section in the browser and select Edit in Sketcher to open the Sketch ribbon.
- The beam section is only updated when you exit sketch edit mode.
Figure 6.
If the sketch has variable assigned to it (parametrized):
- From the Sketch ribbon, click the Variable Manager tool and update variable values.
- Or, use the Parameter Browser and update parameters.
- Beam sections are updated each time a variable is changed.
Figure 7.
To update part thickness:
- If a single part is found, the Entity Editor directly displays the Size. Change this value to updatethe part thickness.
- If more than one part is found, click the Tabular Data icon in the Entity Editor and update part thickness.

Create Welds

The best way to manage welds whenever a sketch is assigned to a beam section is to include the welds lines in the sketch directly. Updating the sketch size keeps welds.

Whenever parts are detected from the assigned sketch, then update relevant part names to use weld1, weld2 … This convention is used in the Inflate tool which generates surfaces and shell mesh from beams with shell beam sections; weld* parts are ignored while generating surfaces.

Select one or several beam sections (shell only) in the beam section browser.
Right-click and select Auto Connect.
This tries to enforce weld creation based on part distance and thickness. There are no inputs required. The result is as per the description of the API *beamsectionautoconnectshell.

Limitations: This feature currently plays on realized beam sections. It is more suitable for legacy sections without a sketch reference. If a beam section is linked to a sketch entity, then each sketch update regenerates the beam section; hence, welds are. It is required to manually call the same feature to regenerate welds.
As mentioned above, in such cases it is better to include weld lines in the sketch directly.

Absorb Sketches

Legacy beam sections of config shell (and solid) can be absorbed. That is, a Sketch entity is created from raw data of the beam section (Figure 8).

Select one or more beam sections in the beam section browser.
Right-click and select Absorb Sketch.
This option is only available if at least one of the selected beam sections is of config Shell or Solid. If a beam section already has a sketch assigned the nit is kept. Only orphan beam sections are absorbed.

Figure 8. Sketch absorbed from shell section

Limitations

The parts are regenerated from the created sketch lines.
Smooth splines are created from original vertices. The shape may deviate from the original lines.
1. Original vertices are control points.
2. Absorbed welds need to be extended to the spline location.
The new data structure does not have the same limitation as the legacy Shell part structure (no part can span across T junction in legacy); hence, the number of parts may differ after absorb.
1. You hence lose the original part distribution as well as name/thickness.

Create Solid Sections

Solid beam sections are meshed sections without considering material distribution. Also, sections are made of a single part since there is no provision for weld/contact in the engine used to evaluate the section’s properties.

Create and Edit Default Sections (Legacy)

Create a new beam section from the browser.
Set the config to Solid.
This creates a default solid section as a square 10x10.
Right-click the beam section in the browser and select Edit in HyperBeam.
HyperBeam is a legacy client which will be soon be phased out. It allows you to edit solid beam sections. For more info, see Sketch Beam Sections with HyperBeam.
Add/delete or edit vertices and parts using the HyperBeam toolbars.
Update point coordinates from Y Z panel.

Figure 9. Default Solid section

Assign Sketch Entities

Like Shell sections, Solid beam sections can be linked to a sketch entity (Figure 5).

Select a solid beam section in the browser, or create new one and set the config to Solid.
In the Entity Editor, select an existing sketch entity.
Optional: Use the Tabular Data to change each part's name and/or thickness (size).
Optional: Choose a center option.

Base point

Uses the sketch origin as the beam section local origin.

Centroid

Uses calculated Centroid as beam section local origin.

Shear Center

Uses calculated Shear center as beam section local origin.

If Shear Center is undefined (disconnected parts), it defaults to frame center.

Frame Center

Place the beam section local origin at the sketch’s bounding box center.

A sketch assigned to a Solid config is valid only if at least a surface can be generated from it. If a sketch describes closed loops and extra lines not forming a loop, the later are ignored. If no surface can be generated the sketch, it is rejected.

Solid beam sections are hence populated from the mesh of the internal sketch realization:

Surfaces are extracted from the assigned sketch.
A disconnected region triggers multiple parts.
- This is usually not desired as Warping properties can’t be calculated.
- Geometric properties are valid.
Parts are defined as a collection of sketch line IDs forming loops (Definition in tabular data).
- They have Type = Shell.
Parts are meshed with a mesh size defined in tabular data.
- Size 0.0 means that size is auto-calculated based on surface size.
- Changing the size to a small value may hamper the performance.

You can still review the realized beam section in HyperBeam. Section can be reviewed but not edited.

To further edit beam sections in legacy tools, reset the sketch entity assigned to the beam section. This keeps the realized data but removes the dependency to the sketch, making it behave like legacy sections.

Absorb Sketches

Legacy beam sections of config shell (and solid) can be absorbed. That is, a Sketch entity is created from raw data of the beam section.

Select one or more beam sections in the beam section browser.
Right-click and select Absorb Sketch.
This option is only available if at least one of the selected beam sections is of config Shell or Solid. If a beam section already has a sketch assigned the nit is kept. Only orphan beam sections are absorbed.

Create Elastic Sections

Elastic beam sections are 2D meshed sections. They are an extension of the legacy Solid sections.

Theory

Elastic sections can have two types of parts internally:

Solid: Defined as a closed loop of lines.
Shell: Defined as lines and thickness. The thickness is used to inflate lines symmetrically to turn them into surfaces and 2D mesh them.

Material

Elastic sections can account for materials per part. Only linear elastic isotropic materials are supported. The engine uses Young Modulus, Poisson ratio, and Shear Modulus to evaluate EA, EIyy, EIzz,EIyz, GJ.

In the case of multi-materials, the engine evaluates the stiffeness terms, then defines an effective material (homogenized) from the various materials and their areas in the section (it is possible to provide a target material to the engine). Section Centroid is the material weighted neutral axis. Shear Center and warping properties also account for material data using elasticity theory.

More information is available to reference:

“Analysis and Design of Elastic Beams: Computational Methods, Walter D. Pilkey”

Note: Consider the following points:

Elastic sections evaluate stiffness terms.
Target solvers only know about a property entity and a material entity.
1. Properties store geometric data like area and second moments of inertia.
2. Materials store Young/Shear moduli and Poisson ratio.
3. A stiffness matrix is formed as a product of the two separate.
It is then needed to normalize the data with the homogenized material to fit in the solver data structure.

Elastic beam sections considering material information are only available in the Section Property tool with Update beam (see Update Beam elements) as it not only creates a beam section but a property with the correct material.

Any other tools dealing with elastic sections ignore materials.

Contact

Elastic sections supports multiple parts with small gaps:

Shell type sections are first inflated base on their thickness.
All parts are then considered for contact search between all bodies.
Contact can be turned off.
You can set the tolerance.
Default (Best match) is around 80% of the average mesh size in the section.
Keep in mind that a thickness of 4 elements is ensured during shell part inflate.

When a sketch is assigned to a beam section, default contact is always used.

Create and Edit Elastic Sections

Create a new beam section from the browser.
Set the config to Elastic.
The section has no default shape, hence all properties are 0.0 like a Generic section.
Optional: Edit default thickness in File > Preferences > Meshing > Advanced.
Automatic sets the default thickness as 1/10th of Default size (global mesh size).
Manual lets you set your own default thickness (used for Shell parts).
In the Entity Editor, select an existing sketch entity.
Optional: Choose a center option.

Base point

Uses the sketch origin as the beam section local origin.

Centroid

Uses calculated Centroid as beam section local origin.

Shear Center

Uses calculated Shear center as beam section local origin.

If Shear Center is undefined (disconnected parts), it defaults to frame center.

Frame Center

Place the beam section local origin at the sketch’s bounding box center.

Elastic beam sections are split into multiple parts from sketch lines:

Surfaces are extracted from closed loops and considered as Solid parts with Type = Solid.
- Disconnected regions trigger multiple Solid parts.
Other lines (not forming closed loops) are considered as Shell parts with Type = Shell.
In the tabular data, the Size column has a different meaning based on the part type.
- Solid parts consider Size as mesh size. A value 0.0 means that size is auto-calculated.
- Shell parts consider Size as part thickness.

Hybrid Sketch and Contact

The following example (Figure 11 & Figure 12) depicts a hybrid sketch where 4 lines form a closed loop and 3 lines an open section. In this example, the Gap parameter is introduced to control distance between 2 shapes.

The closed loop is understood as a Solid part while the open section is considered a Shell part.

In Figure 12, we assigned a thickness of 10.0 to the Shell part. Then, we played with the gap variable from 6.0 to 10.0.

In the first case the final gap after inflate is 1.0, which falls under the tolerance; hence, a contact is created between parts. Warping properties are evaluated.
In the second case the final gap is 5.0, which is too large for this model; hence, no warping properties are available.

Solid Sketch

Using the same original sketch, you can use the Sketch Offset tool to create a symmetric offset of the open section to turn it into a closed loop of lines. Click and drag the offset to play with the solid section's thickness or enter a precise value (Figure 14).

In Figure 15, we super-impose beams in 3D detailed visualization where:

the top beam has a property referring to a hybrid sketch with a shell part of thickness 10.0.
the bottom beam has a property referring to the offset sketch from Figure 14.

You can see that the calculated section properties are almost identical.

Important: The original midline of the Channel was turned into Construction Lines. Otherwise, the Elastic beam section would have detected these lines as a separate Shell part on top of the Solid Channel.

Contact management is the same in both cases (hybrid or full solid).