Stress
gradient effect based on FKM guideline method.
It is supported for both shells and solid elements. For solid elements, the stress
gradient effect is only available with grid point stress in fatigue analysis using
results of static analysis. For solid elements, SURFSTS field on
FATPARM is automatically set to GP when
Stress Gradient effect is activated.
The Stress Gradient method is supported for Uniaxial and Multiaxial SN, EN and FOS
Fatigue. It is not supported for Weld, Vibration, and Transient Fatigue
analyses.
FKM Guideline Method
In the FKM guideline method, stress gradient effect is considered by increasing
fatigue strength by a factor calculated using a rule in FKM guidelines. In HyperLife implementation of FKM guideline method, 6 components of a
stress tensor at each time step is reduced by the factor provided by FKM
guidelines.
To activate Stress Gradient effect using FKM guideline method, the
GRD field on FATPARM should be set to
GRDFKM.
The following steps are followed to reduce stresses at the surface to take stress
gradient effect into consideration.
- Calculate stress gradient of 6 components of a stress tensor,
, at each time step after linear combination
of stress history. z-direction is an outward surface normal. For a solid
element, the gradient is calculated by finite difference between stress at
surface and stress at 1mm below the surface. The stress at 1mm below surface
is an interpolated stress from grid point stresses of an element of
interest. In case of 2nd order solid elements, only grid point
stresses at corners are used for interpolation. For shell elements, the
gradient is calculated from stresses of both layers and its thickness.
- Using the stress gradient obtained in Step 1, a gradient of equivalent
stress in the surface normal direction,
, is calculated in an analytical way at each
time step. The equivalent stress can be either von Mises stress or absolute
maximum principal stress.
- The related stress gradient,
is calculated using the following
normalization.(1)
- Calculate the correction factor
. Refer to Correction Factor Calculation.
- Apply the correction factor
to the surface stress tensor to obtain
reduced surface stress. Apply the same
to corresponding strain tensor to obtain
reduced strain tensor when EN fatigue analysis is to be carried out with
nonlinear analysis.(2)
Correction Factor Calculation
Correction factor calculation is based on relationship between
and
described in the FKM guidelines.
According to FKM guidelines, the stress correction factor
is determined by:
-
-
-
Table 1. Example values for Constants
and
Constants |
Stainless Steel |
Other steels |
GS |
GGG |
GT |
GG |
Wrought Al-Alloys |
Cast Al- Alloys |
|
0.40 |
0.50 |
0.25 |
0.05 |
-0.05 |
-0.05 |
0.05 |
-0.05 |
|
2400 |
2700 |
2000 |
3200 |
3200 |
3200 |
850 |
3200 |
Where,
- GS
- Cast Steel and Heat Treatable cast steel for general purposes.
- GGG
- Nodular Cast Iron.
- GT
- Malleable Cast Iron.
- GG
- Cast Iron with lamellar graphite (grey cast iron).
is UTS in MPa and dimension of
is mm. HyperLife takes care of the
unit system for
and
through stress units defined in
MATFAT and stress unit and length unit defined in
FATPARM.
and
values are user input in MATFAT
after keyword STSGRD. Since the stress gradient has to be
calculated in length dimension of mm, define the length units so that HyperLife can properly locate a point that is 1mm below the surface. If
is negative,
is set to 1.0. If
is greater than 100 mm-1,
is set to 1.0 with a warning message.
User-defined Relationship
User-defined relationship between
and
can be specified through TABLES1
Bulk Data. Pairs of (xi,yi) = (
,
) can be defined on the TABLES1
entry. A TABLES1 that defines the relationship between
and
should be referenced in MATFAT
after keyword STSGRD. If
falls outside the range of xi, extrapolation
behavior follows usual TABLES1 behavior. This means that
can be lower than 1.0 when
is negative depending on how
is treated when being negative or greater than
100mm-1. The user-defined relationship takes precedence over the one in FKM
guidelines.
Input to Activate Stress Gradient Effect
Choose a method (FKM guideline) to use on the GRD field after
keyword STRESS in FATPARM. If FKM guideline
method is chosen, the equivalent stress
method to calculate stress gradient should be
specified on the SCBFKM field in FATPARM.
Material properties required for stress gradient effect are to be input after
keyword STSGRD in MATFAT.