Space Integration

Overall, the equation of motion for translational velocities with anti-hourglass and contact forces is written as:(1)

M \frac{\partial v}{\partial t} = F_{e x t} - F_{int} + F_{b o d} + F_{h g r} + F_{c o n t} + F_{t r m}

$M \frac{\partial v}{\partial t} = F_{e x t} - F_{int} + F_{b o d} + F_{h g r} + F_{c o n t} + F_{t r m}$

Where,

F_{t r m}

$F_{t r m}$ is the transport momentum vector given as

F_{t r m} = \sum_{e l e m e n t s} f^{t r m}

$F_{t r m} = \sum_{e l e m e n t s} f^{t r m}$ .(2)

f_{i I}^{t r m} = (1 + η_{I}) \cdot \int_{v} ρ \cdot Φ_{I} (w_{j} - v_{j}) \cdot \frac{\partial v_{i}}{\partial x_{j}} d V

$f_{i I}^{t r m} = (1 + η_{I}) \cdot \int_{v} ρ \cdot Φ_{I} (w_{j} - v_{j}) \cdot \frac{\partial v_{i}}{\partial x_{j}} d V$

All matrices and vectors defined in the above equation are integrated over the spatial domain. The mass matrix is not constant in time, since the density and domain vary with time. It is shown that the solution of the equation is oscillatory in space when a mesh parameter, known as the Peclet number exceeds a critical value. This spatial stability can be avoided by adding numerical diffusion to the scheme which otherwise is generally under-diffusive and thus unstable. The momentum upwind coefficient is defined in material input. The full upwind case (coef=1) is the default value in Radioss and is generally used.

One upwinding technique is available in Radioss:

Streamline Upwinding by Petrov-Galerkin method (SUPG):
SUPG consists in modifying the shape functions to take into account the momentum convection terms. Since version 2018, SUPG is activated by default. SUPG can be turned off by using the Engine file option:
```
/UPWM/SUPG
```